Fault Recovery by Selection based on Modulation Quality in 5G/6G

ABSTRACT

With increasingly dense wireless traffic in 5G and 6G networks, the incidence of message faults due to interference is increasing, leading to wasted time and energy on multiple re-transmissions. Disclosed are procedures for assembling a fault-free copy of a message from two corrupted copies. First, measure the modulation quality of each message element. A faulted message element usually has poor modulation quality. Then, select the best message elements from each of the two corrupted copies, and test the merged version against an embedded error-detection code. If the merged copy still fails the test, select each of the message elements that are different in the two faulted copies since they are all suspicious, and test each version with the error-detection code. By recovering a message despite reception errors, another transmission is avoided, saving time and energy, and avoiding contributing yet further to the background noise. Many additional aspects are disclosed.

PRIORITY CLAIMS AND RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.17/579,742, entitled “Error Correction by Merging Copies of 5G/6GMessages”, filed Jan. 20, 2022, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 63/151,270, entitled “WirelessModulation for Mitigation of Noise and Interference”, filed Feb. 19,2021, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 63/157,090,entitled “Asymmetric Modulation for High-Reliability 5G Communications”,filed Mar. 5, 2021, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.63/159,195, entitled “Asymmetric Modulation for High-Reliability 5GCommunications”, filed Mar. 10, 2021, and U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 63/159,238, entitled “Selecting a Modulation Tableto Mitigate 5G Message Faults”, filed Mar. 10, 2021, and U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 63/230,926, entitled “ErrorDetection and Correction in 5G by Modulation Quality”, filed Aug. 9,2021, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 63/280,281,entitled “Error Detection and Correction in 5G by Modulation Quality in5G/6G”, filed Nov. 17, 2021, and U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 63/281,187, entitled “Error Correction by Merging Copies of5G/6G Messages”, filed Nov. 19, 2021, and U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 63/281,847, entitled “Retransmission of SelectedMessage Portions in 5G/6G”, filed Nov. 22, 2021, and U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 63/282,770, entitled “AI-Based ErrorDetection and Correction in 5G/6G Messaging”, filed Nov. 24, 2021, allof which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The disclosure includes means for detecting and correcting wirelessmessage errors by merging multiple transmitted copies of the message.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Transmission faults are inevitable in wireless communication, due tonoise, interference, attenuation, and other distortions. In 5G and 6G,faulted messages are detected according to an error-detection code inthe message. Faulted messages may lead to retransmission requests andother delays. What is needed is means for determining which resourceelements of a message are faulted, and means for repairing those faults.

This Background is provided to introduce a brief context for the Summaryand Detailed Description that follow. This Background is not intended tobe an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter nor beviewed as limiting the claimed subject matter to implementations thatsolve any or all of the disadvantages or problems presented above.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect, there is a wireless receiver comprisingnon-transitory computer-readable media, the media comprisinginstructions that when executed by a computing environment cause amethod to be performed, the method comprising: receiving a first messagecomprising message elements, each message element modulated according toa modulation scheme comprising predetermined amplitude levels orpredetermined phase levels; determining that the first message disagreeswith a first error-detection code associated with the first message;receiving a second message, and determining that the second messagedisagrees with a second error-detection code associated with the secondmessage; determining, for each message element of the first and secondmessages, a modulation quality comprising an amplitude differencecomprising a difference between an amplitude value of the messageelement and one of the predetermined amplitude levels of the modulationscheme, or a phase difference comprising a difference between a phasevalue of the message element and one of the predetermined phase levelsof the modulation scheme; assembling a third message by selecting, foreach message element of the third message, whichever of a pair ofcorresponding message elements of the first and second messages has thehigher modulation quality; and determining whether the third messageagrees with the first or second error-detection code.

In another aspect, there is a receiver, in a base station or a user nodeof a wireless network, the receiver configured to: receive a firstmessage and a second message, the first message associated with a firsterror-detection code and the second message associated with a seconderror-detection code; determine a modulation quality of each messageelement of the first and second messages; prepare a merged message byselecting, for each message element of the merged message, whichever ofa pair of corresponding message elements of the first and secondmessages has a higher modulation quality; and determine whether themerged message is corrupted; wherein the determining whether the mergedmessage is corrupted comprises determining whether the merged messageagrees with either the first or second error-detection code; whereindetermining whether a message agrees with an error-detection codecomprises determining whether the error-detection code equals a hash ormessage digest calculated from the message.

In another aspect, there is a method for a wireless device to identifymessage faults, the method comprising: receiving or determining athreshold; receiving a message comprising message elements, each messageelement modulated according to a modulation scheme, the modulationscheme comprising one or more predetermined amplitude levels and one ormore predetermined phase levels; determining, for each message element:an amplitude difference comprising a difference between an amplitudevalue of the message element and a closest amplitude level of themodulation scheme; or a phase difference comprising a difference betweena phase value of the message element and a closest phase level of themodulation scheme; determining, for each message element, a modulationquality according to the amplitude difference or the phase difference orboth; and determining, for each message element, that the messageelement is faulted if the modulation quality is below the threshold, andthat the message element is not faulted if the modulation quality isabove the threshold.

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form. The concepts are further described in the DetailedDescription section. Elements or steps other than those described inthis Summary are possible, and no element or step is necessarilyrequired. This Summary is not intended to identify key features oressential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended foruse as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.The claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solveany or all disadvantages noted in any part of this disclosure.

These and other embodiments are described in further detail withreference to the figures and accompanying detailed description asprovided below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a schematic showing an exemplary embodiment of a modulationtable for 16QAM, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 1B is a schematic showing another exemplary embodiment of amodulation table for 16QAM, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing an exemplary embodiment of a process fordetecting and correcting message errors, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 3A is a schematic sketch showing an exemplary embodiment of amodulation table with multiple levels of modulation quality, accordingto some embodiments.

FIG. 3B is a schematic sketch showing an exemplary embodiment of asingle modulation state with multiple levels of modulation quality,according to some embodiments.

FIG. 3C is a schematic sketch showing another exemplary embodiment of asingle modulation state with multiple levels of modulation quality,according to some embodiments.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing an exemplary embodiment of a process fordetecting and correcting message errors using multiple levels ofmodulation quality, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 5A is a schematic sketch showing an exemplary embodiment of amodulation table for 16QAM with directional deviation sectors, accordingto some embodiments.

FIG. 5B is a schematic sketch showing an exemplary embodiment of asingle modulation state with directional deviation sectors, according tosome embodiments.

FIG. 5C is a schematic sketch showing another exemplary embodiment of asingle modulation state with directional deviation sectors, according tosome embodiments.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing an exemplary embodiment of a process fordetecting and correcting message errors according to directionaldeviation sectors, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 7 is a schematic showing an exemplary embodiment of messages withinterference faults, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 8 is a schematic showing an exemplary embodiment of a procedure formerging messages with interference faults, according to someembodiments.

FIG. 9 is a schematic showing an exemplary embodiment of a modulationtable with message faults, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing an exemplary embodiment of a process fordetecting and correcting message errors by merging copies, according tosome embodiments.

FIG. 11 is a schematic showing an exemplary embodiment of a modulationtable with message faults and directional information, according to someembodiments.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart showing an exemplary embodiment of a process fordetecting and correcting message errors by merging copies usingdirectional information, according to some embodiments.

Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Disclosed herein are procedures for a wireless receiver to merge twocorrupted copies of a message while correcting individual errors,thereby obtaining an uncorrupted version of the message. Systems andmethods disclosed herein (the “systems” and “methods”, also occasionallytermed “embodiments” or “arrangements”, generally according to presentprinciples) can provide urgently needed wireless communication protocolsto reduce retransmission burdens, improve reliability, and reduceoverall delays in networks such as 5G and 6G networks, according to someembodiments. Commonly in wireless communication, interference or noisemay distort one or more message elements, resulting in a corruptedmessage as received. The message may then be retransmitted, and thesecond copy may also be corrupted. The systems and methods disclosedherein include merging the two (or more) copies of a message toeliminate the incorrectly received message elements, by evaluating amodulation quality of each message element and selecting those messageelements from the two copies having the highest modulation quality. Themodulation quality may be based on how well the modulation of themessage element matches the calibrated amplitude and phase levels of themodulation scheme. This procedure is in contrast to prior-art “softcombining” in which message versions are merged based on the SNR(signal-to-noise ratio) of each version. Modulation quality provides adistinct, and in many cases superior, indication of which version ofeach message element is correct. As a further option, the receiver maydetermine an “overall quality factor” of each message element accordingto a formula that depends on both the message element's SNR andmodulation quality, among other inputs. The modulation quality may bemeasured by the deviation of the amplitude and phase of the messageelement from the calibrated amplitude and phase levels of the modulationscheme, for example. The systems and methods disclosed herein canprovide means for detecting one or more faulted resource elements in amessage, and efficiently determining the correct value of those resourceelements, thereby providing a low-latency and high-reliability solutionto message fault problems, according to some embodiments.

Terms used herein generally follow 3GPP (Third Generation PartnershipProject) usage, but with clarification where needed to resolveambiguities. As used herein, “5G” represents fifth-generation and “6G”sixth-generation wireless technology. A network (or cell or LAN or localarea network or the like) may include a base station (or gNB orgeneration-node-B or eNB or evolution-node-B or access point) in signalcommunication with a plurality of user devices (or UE or user equipmentor nodes or terminals) and operationally connected to a core network(CN) which handles non-radio tasks, such as administration, and isusually connected to a larger network such as the Internet. “Receiver”is to be interpreted broadly, including processors accessible by therecipient and configured to perform calculations on received signals ormessages. Embodiments may include direct user-to-user (“sidelink”)communication such as V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle) communication, V2X(vehicle-to-anything), X2X (anything-to-anything, also called D2D ordevice-to-device) and base station communications or V2N(vehicle-to-network). “Vehicle” is to be construed broadly, includingany mobile wireless communication device. The time-frequency space isgenerally configured as a “resource grid” including a number of“resource elements”, each resource element being a specific unit of timetermed a “symbol time”, and a specific frequency and bandwidth termed a“subcarrier” (or “subchannel” in some references). Each subcarrier canbe independently modulated to convey message information. Thus aresource element, spanning a single symbol in time and a singlesubcarrier in frequency, is the smallest unit of a message. “RNTI”(radio network temporary identity) or “C-RNTI” (cell radio networktemporary identification) is a network-assigned user code. “QoS” isquality of service, or priority. “QCI” (QoS class identifier) definesvarious performance levels. “SNR” (signal-to-noise ratio) and “SINR”(signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio) are treated equivalentlyherein.

In addition, the following terms are defined herein. Each modulatedresource element of a message is referred to as a “symbol” inreferences, but this may be confused with the same term for a timeinterval. Therefore, each modulated resource element of a message isreferred to as a “message resource element” or a “message element” inexamples below. A “demodulation reference ” is a set of modulatedresource elements that exhibit levels of a modulation scheme (as opposedto conveying data), and each resource element of a demodulationreference is termed a “reference element” herein. A message may beconfigured “time-spanning” by occupying sequential symbols at a singlefrequency, or “frequency-spanning” on multiple subcarriers at a singlesymbol time (also called “frequency-first” if the message continues onmultiple symbol times). In contrast, messages may be TDD (time-divisionduplexing) when the two messages are transmitted at different times, orFDD (frequency-division duplexing) if the two messages are transmittedon different frequencies. An “EDC” (error-detecting code) is a field ina message configured to detect faults, such as a “CRC” (cyclicredundancy code) or a parity construct or the like. A message is“unicast” if it is addressed to a specific recipient, and “broadcast” ifit includes no recipient address. Transmissions are “isotropic” if theyprovide roughly the same wave energy in all horizontal directions. Adevice “knows” something if it has the relevant information. A device“listens” or “monitors” a channel or frequency if the device receives,or attempts to receive, signals on the channel or frequency. A messageis “faulted” or “corrupted” if one or more bits of the message have beenchanged relative to the original message. “Receptivity” is the qualityof reception of a message. Modulation schemes include “BPSK” (binaryphase-shift keying) and “QPSK” (quad phase-shift keying) which havephase modulation only, and “16QAM” (quadrature amplitude modulation with16 states) which has both phase and amplitude modulation and carries 4bits per message element. A “modulation scheme” is one or morepredetermined amplitude levels and one or more predetermined phaselevels, which together define an array of “predetermined modulationstates of the modulation scheme” or more simply “states”, each staterepresenting a resource element modulated according to one of theamplitude levels and one of the phase levels. The “amplitude deviation”of a message element is the difference between its amplitude and theclosest amplitude level of the modulation scheme, and likewise the“phase deviation” of a message element is the difference between itsphase and the closest phase level of the modulation scheme. The“modulation quality” is a measure of how close the modulation of amessage element is to the closest amplitude and phase levels of themodulation scheme, or equivalently how close the modulation of themessage element is to the closest state of the modulation scheme. A“calibration set” is a set of amplitude and phase levels of themodulation scheme, as provided by a demodulation reference, for example.A message can be demodulated by comparing each message element'samplitude and phase to the levels in the calibration set, and therebydetermining the modulation state of the message element.

If one or more elements of a “subject” message have been distorted bynoise or interference when received, the message fails the “EDC test”,that is, the embedded error-detection code disagrees with the bit-levelcontent of the message. The fault may have occurred during themodulation step in the transmitter, or in propagation through the air,or at the receiver side, and may be due to electronic noise or externalinterference or atmospheric absorption or scattering or reflection ofthe electromagnetic wave, to name just a few possible sources of messagefaults. Amplitude or phase distortion can cause the receiver toincorrectly demodulate one or more message elements, in which case themessage fails the EDC test. Upon detecting a faulted message, therecipient in 5G or 6G can do one of several things. If the recipientknows that the message is intended for it, such as a base station thathas scheduled an uplink message at a particular time or a user devicewith a scheduled downlink message, the recipient can request aretransmission upon detecting the faulted transmission. For mostdownlink control messages, however, the user device does not know thetime or frequency or length of a message, or even if the message isintended for that user device, because the downlink in 5G/6G generallyrelies on a “blind search” for user devices to locate their controlmessages, and a faulted message would appear as something not intendedfor that user device. Therefore, user devices can request aretransmission after failing to receive an expected message after acertain amount of time. In addition, the base station can retransmit themessage after failing to receive an acknowledgement in a certain time,among other options. In each case, substantial information is discarded,and repeated retransmissions may be required in noisy conditions tofinally obtain an uncorrupted version.

In contrast, the disclosed systems and methods show how a receiver canmerge two faulted copies of a message and process them to recover theoriginal message. Merging a message with a retransmitted copy, whilearranging to select the most likely correct version of each messageelement, may save time and enhance network reliability, among otherbenefits, according to some embodiments. The original and retransmittedversions generally differ in one or more message elements, which may betermed the “multi-valued” message elements. The receiver can determine a“modulation quality” of each multi-valued element by measuring theiramplitude and phase, then comparing to the calibrated amplitude andphase values of the modulation scheme (as obtained from a demodulationreference for example). The modulation quality is thereby calculatedaccording to how far the amplitude and phase of the message elementdeviate from the calibrated amplitude and phase levels of the closeststate of the modulation scheme. Then, the receiver can merge the twocopies by selecting each message element from the two versions, with thehighest modulation quality for each multi-valued element. Alternatively,the receiver can merge the messages based on a combination of themodulation quality and the SNR of the multi-valued elements. In eithercase, the merged version is likely to have fewer faults than either ofthe as-received message versions.

If the merged version, with elements selected according to modulationquality (optionally including SNR), still fails the error-detectiontest, the receiver can search for the correct version by altering one ormore of the multi-valued message elements. More specifically, thereceiver can change which state, of the modulation scheme states, themessage element is assigned to, and and can then determine whether themessage so altered then agrees with the error-detection code. Startingwith the merged message having each multi-valued element set at thevalue with the higher modulation quality, the receiver can then altereach of the multi-valued message elements one-at-a-time to the oppositevalue. If none of those alterations passes the error-detection test, thereceiver can then alter all of the multi-valued elements in allcombinations, testing each combination against the error-detection code.Further variations and options are detailed below.

The following examples disclose how the modulation quality of eachmessage element can be determined.

FIG. 1A is a schematic showing an exemplary embodiment of a modulationtable, according to some embodiments. A modulation table represents thestates of a modulation scheme as an array according to the amplitude andphase of each modulation state. As depicted in this non-limiting exampleof a modulation table 100, four amplitude levels 101 are shown as dottedhorizontal lines, and four phase levels 102 are shown as dotted verticallines. Each state 105 is a modulation of a resource element, modulatedaccording to one of the amplitude levels 101 and one of the phase levels102, as indicated by a dot 105. The amplitude levels 101 are spacedapart by an amplitude step 103, and the phase levels 102 are spacedapart by a phase step 104. As used herein, two states are “adjacent”when they are separated from each other by one amplitude level or onephase level, or both. Phase is a circular parameter, since zero degreesis the same as 360 degrees. Hence, the highest and lowest phase levelsare separated by one phase step 104, although that may not be obvious inthis type of chart.

The modulation scheme in the depicted case is 16QAM, with four amplitudelevels 102 and four phase levels 103 and sixteen states 105 indicated bydots.

Around each state 105 is a rectangle in dark stipple representing a“good-modulation zone” 106 (or “good-mod” in figures). Each rectangulargood-modulation zone 106 is defined by the associated amplitude level101 plus or minus an amplitude range 111, and by the associated phaselevel 102 plus or minus a phase range 112. A message element that ismodulated in amplitude and phase anywhere within a good-modulation zone106 is assigned to the associated state 105, for purposes ofdemodulation. The exterior white space 108 is a “bad-modulation zone”(or “bad-mod”). Any message element modulated in the bad-modulation zone108 is flagged as invalid or illegal, although it may be assigned to thenearest state of the modulation scheme anyway.

For example, the figure shows two message elements, marked as a small“x” 107 and a small “o” 106, both in the bad-modulation zone 108.Although the phase modulation of the message element “x” 107 is withinthe phase range 112 of one of the phase levels 102 of the modulationscheme, the amplitude modulation is not within the amplitude range 111of any of the amplitude levels 101, and therefore the message element“x” 107 may be declared bad-modulation or low modulation quality.Similarly, the figure shows another message element's modulation stateas an “o” 109, which has an amplitude deviation 113 relative to thenearest amplitude level 101 as indicated, and a phase deviation 114relative to the nearest phase level 102. The amplitude deviation 113 forthis message element 109 is greater than the amplitude range 111required for good modulation. The phase deviation 114 is also greaterthan the phase range 112. Hence, the message element “o” 109 may beflagged as “illegal” or “bad-mod” or at least “suspicious” in variousembodiments, as described below. The “x” 107 and “o” 106 may beinitially assigned to the nearest modulation state, 105 and 115respectively, however their assignments may be altered later if themessage fails to agree with its error-correction code.

While the figure shows the 16QAM modulation scheme, many othermodulation schemes are possible. For example, 64QAM and 256QAM involveadditional phase and amplitude levels, whereas QPSK has four phaselevels and only a single amplitude level. The “difference” between amodulated message element 109 and a state 105 includes a difference inphase for QPSK, or a difference in phase and amplitude for the QAMmodulation schemes. In each case, the methods disclosed herein for 16QAMcan be applied straightforwardly to each modulation scheme, according tosome embodiments.

The figure, and the other examples to follow, are presented according toa standard modulation scheme in which the amplitude and phase aremodulated separately and then multiplexed. The receiver demodulates amessage by determining the amplitude and phase of each message elementseparately, and compares them to the amplitude and phase levels recordedin the calibration set. In other embodiments, however, the message mayemploy pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), in which twoamplitude-modulated signals are added with a 90-degree phase offsetbetween them. Upon receipt, the demodulator then picks out the “real”(zero offset) and “imaginary” (90-degree offset) signals for each of thereference elements and message elements. The two phase modulations arealso sometimes called the “I” or in-phase component and the “Q” orquadrature component. The receiver then prepares a “constellation” ofmodulation states from the measured real and imaginary values of thereference elements, each state having a particular real amplitude and aparticular imaginary amplitude. The receiver then demodulates themessage elements by comparing their real and imaginary values to thereal and imaginary levels of the constellation, and thereby determinesthe modulation state of each message element, as desired. For example,16QAM with PAM modulation has four real amplitudes and four imaginaryamplitudes, which are combined in each message element to yield 16states overall. The constellation of PAM is equivalent to thecalibration set of regular amplitude-phase modulation. The systems andmethods disclosed herein are straightforwardly applicable to thereal-imaginary modulation states of PAM. Many other modulationtechnologies and schemes exist. As long as the modulation schemeinvolves modulating the phase and (optionally) the amplitude of anelectromagnetic wave, it is immaterial which modulation technology isemployed. For consistency and clarity, the examples refer to regularamplitude and phase modulation separately. The principles disclosedherein may apply to each of these modulation technologies, as will beapparent to artisans with ordinary skill in the art after reading thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 1B is a schematic showing another exemplary embodiment of amodulation table for 16QAM, according to some embodiments. As depictedin this non-limiting example, the modulation table 120 may include fouramplitude levels 121 separated by an amplitude step 123, and four phaselevels 122 separated by a phase step 124, for sixteen states 125 total.Each state 125 is surrounded in this case by a circular good-modulationzone 126, each with a radius 132 as indicated. The exterior white space128 represents bad-modulation. A particular message element “o” 129 hasan amplitude deviation 133 and a phase deviation 134, and is at adistance 130 (that is, distance in phase-amplitude space) from thenearest state 125. If that distance 130 is less than the radius 132 ofthe good modulation zone, the message element 129 is assigned to thenearest state 125 and is allocated to “good-modulation”. If the distance130 is greater than the radius 132, then the message element 129 maystill be assigned to the nearest state 125, but may be flagged assuspicious or “bad-modulation” for later mitigation, if needed.

The units and dimensions of phase are generally different from those foramplitude, which may complicate calculating the distance 130. Therefore,for ease of calculation, the measurements may be made unitless bycalculating a “normalized” amplitude and phase deviation. The normalizedamplitude deviation equals the measured amplitude of a message elementdivided by the amplitude step, and the normalized phase deviation equalsthe measured phase of the message element divided by the phase step 124.Then the distance of a received message element from the closest stateof the modulation scheme equals the square root of the sum of thenormalized amplitude deviation squared, plus the normalized phasedeviation squared. In some embodiments, the modulation quality isdetermined by the distance thus determined, as opposed to the amplitudeand phase deviations separately. For example, a larger distance to thenearest state of the modulation scheme may correspond to a lowermodulation quality.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing an exemplary embodiment of a process fordetecting and correcting message errors, according to some embodiments.As depicted in this non-limiting example, a receiver may receive amessage at 201 and compare each message element to a calibration setrepresenting the amplitude levels and phase levels of the modulationscheme. At 202, the receiver may assign each message element to theclosest state of the modulation scheme, that is, to the statecorresponding to the closest amplitude level and the closest phase levelto the received message element. In addition, the receiver may allocateeach message element to a category based on the modulation quality, suchas good-mod if the message element is inside one of the good-modulationzones, and bad-mod if it is outside all of the good-modulation zones. Inaddition, the receiver can calculate a numerical modulation qualitybased on the amplitude and phase deviations. Then the message can betentatively demodulated by assigning each message element to the closeststate of the modulation scheme.

At 203, the receiver can compare the demodulated message to anerror-detection code, and if there is agreement, the message is assumedto be correctly demodulated, and the task is done at 210. If the messagefails the error detection code, then at 204 the receiver can determinewhether the message includes any bad-modulation message elements. At205, for each bad-modulation element, the receiver can attempt to fixthe fault and recover the message by altering the bad-mod element to thenext-closest state instead of the closest one. (The next-closest stateis the state that is closer to the message element's modulation than anyother state of the modulation scheme, other than the closest one.) At206, the altered message is tested against the error-detection code foreach alteration, and if there is agreement, the task is done. If not,the receiver may continue altering any remaining bad-mod elements totheir next-closest state, one at at time, and test again. After testingeach one of the bad-mod elements individually in this way, the receivercan then alter two of the bad-mod elements at a time, and may continueby altering multiple elements elements in combination, altering each onebetween its nearest and next-nearest states of the modulation scheme.The receiver can continue varying the bad-mod elements until allpossible combinations of the bad-mod elements have been altered to theirnext-closest state of the modulation scheme, and can test each alteredmessage against the error-detection code. This process is a loop,cycling through steps 205 and 206 repeatedly until all combinations havebeen tested. For clarity, however, the steps are shown simply as acommand 205 and an interrogator 206 in the figure. A double-ended arrowbetween the command 205 and the interrogator 206 indicates that the twosteps are to be performed repeatedly until all the associated variationshave all been tested, and aborting the loop if any of the variationspasses the EDC test.

If the message fails the error-detection test for all of the alterationsof the bad-mod elements to their closest and next-closest states, theflow proceeds to 207 for a more exhaustive search. Here each of thebad-mod message elements is again altered sequentially, but now they arevaried to all of the states of the modulation scheme, instead of beingrestricted to just the closest and the next-closest states. Each of thebad-mod message elements can be tested sequentially at each of thestates, while all of the other bad-mod message elements are also alteredin turn. Such a grid search, in which two or more items areindependently varied among multiple settings, and all possiblecombinations are tested, may be termed a “nested” search. For example,if there are B bad-mod message elements and the modulation scheme has Sstates, the number of combinations is S^(B) separate tests. If any ofthose tests results in agreement with the error-detection code at 208,the task is done at 210. If none of the tests is in agreement, at 209 aretransmission is requested. The current message is then abandoned, or,in another embodiment, the message may be retained for analysis when theretransmitted version is received.

In some cases, the bad-modulation message element may happen to be oneof the resource elements in the error-detection code. In that case, thebad-modulation element may be altered and tested in the same way as anyother element of the message. Then, in determining whether the alteredmessage is corrupted, the receiver uses the altered error-detection codeto compare with the bit-level content of the rest of the message. Thus afault in the error-detection code may be mitigated in the same way as afault elsewhere in the message.

In some embodiments, the receiver may determine which message elementsto alter according to the distance, in phase-amplitude space, of eachmessage element's modulation relative to the nearest state of themodulation scheme. In that case, since the determination is based on adistance value, there may be no need for the good-marginal-badcategorization.

In some embodiments, the receiver may calculate an overall qualityparameter of each message element according to the SNR in that messageelement's signal, and the modulation quality as measured by thedeviation of the amplitude and/or phase from the nearest state of themodulation scheme. By combining the SNR measurement with the modulationquality determination, the receiver may mitigate certain types of noiseand interference. For example, the receiver may determine which messageelements to alter according to an algorithm that takes, as input, theSNR and the modulation quality, and provides, as output, the overallquality parameter.

FIG. 3A is a schematic sketch showing an exemplary embodiment of amodulation table with multiple levels or categories of modulationquality, according to some embodiments. As depicted in this non-limitingexample, a modulation table 300 (for 16QAM in this case) includes fouramplitude levels 301, four phase levels 302, which together definesixteen states 305. Around each state 305 is a good-modulation zone 306in dark stipple, surrounded by a marginal-modulation (that is, marginalquality modulation) zone 307 in light stipple, and the remaining whitespace 308 is a bad-modulation zone. A message element with amplitude andphase modulation that falls in one of the good-modulation zones 306 maybe assigned to the associated state 305 of the modulation scheme. Amessage element with modulation falling in the marginal-modulation zone307 may also be assigned to the associated state 305, but with a flagindicating that it is suspicious due to its lower quality of fit to thestates. A message element with modulation falling in the bad-modulationzone 308 may also be assigned to the nearest state 305, but with a flagindicating that it is very suspicious. Then, if the message is found tobe corrupted, the bad-modulation elements may be altered first, to seewhether any alterations may satisfy the EDC test, and if none of thosevariations succeeds in agreeing with the error-detection code, then thebad-modulation elements and the marginal-modulation elements may bevaried together.

FIG. 3B is a schematic sketch showing an exemplary embodiment of asingle modulation state with multiple levels of modulation quality,according to some embodiments. As depicted in this non-limiting example,a modulation state (such as one of the modulation states of the previousfigure) may be indicated as a dot 315 at the intersection of anamplitude level 311 and a phase level 312, surrounded by a goodmodulation zone 316, and further surrounded by a marginal modulationzone 317. The good modulation zone 316 may be a rectangular region,defined by the amplitude level 311 plus or minus the amplitude range318, and by the phase level 312 plus or minus the phase range 316. Themarginal modulation zone 317 may be a rectangular region equal to theamplitude level 311 plus or minus the amplitude range 319, and the phaselevel 312 plus or minus the phase range 314, exclusive of the goodmodulation zone 316. Message elements modulated in the good modulationzone 316 may be assigned the state 315 with high probability. Messageelements modulated in the marginal modulation zone 317 may also beassigned the state 315, but flagged as suspicious. Message elementsmodulated exterior to the marginal modulation zone 317 may also beassigned the state 315 if that is the closest one, but may be flagged asbad-modulation for the purposes of mitigating faults.

FIG. 3C is a schematic sketch showing another exemplary embodiment of asingle modulation state with multiple levels of modulation quality,according to some embodiments. As depicted in this non-limiting example,a single valid modulation state 325 at the intersection of an amplitudelevel 321 and a phase level 322 may be surrounded by a round region ofgood-modulation 326 which may be surrounded by an annularmarginal-modulation region 327. The radius 323 of the good-modulationregion 326 is shown, and the outer radius 324 of the marginal-modulationregion 327 is shown. Thus a message element may be allocated to thegood-modulation category if the amplitude and phase modulation of theelement are such that the modulation falls in the good-modulation zone326, and likewise for the marginal-modulation zone 327. For example, the“distance” of the message element from the state 325 may be calculatedas the square root of the amplitude deviation squared plus the phasedeviation squared, and if this distance is less than the good modulationradius 323 the message element is allocated good-modulation quality. Ifthe distance is greater than the good-modulation radius 323 but lessthan the marginal-modulation radius 324, the message element may beallocated marginal-modulation quality. If the distance is greater thanthe marginal-modulation radius 324, the message element may be allocatedbad-modulation quality.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing an exemplary embodiment of a process fordetecting and correcting message errors using multiple levels orcategories of modulation quality, according to some embodiments. Asdepicted in this non-limiting example, at 401 a receiver receives amessage and compares each message element to the amplitude and phaselevels previously provided in a calibration set. The calibration setincludes the amplitude and phase levels of the modulation scheme, asprovided by a demodulation reference, for example. At 402, the receiverassigns each message element to the closest state of the modulationscheme, and also allocates a modulation quality as good, marginal, orbad depending on the distance, in amplitude and phase, of the messagemodulation to the nearest state. After attempting to demodulate themessage elements, the receiver compares the message to anerror-detection code at 403. If the message agrees with theerror-detection code, the task is done at 417. If not, the receiverchecks at 404 whether the message contains any bad-modulation elements,and drops to 407 if not. If the message has at least one bad-modulationelement, at 405 the receiver varies the bad-modulation elements amongall of the states of the modulation scheme in a nested grid search, asindicated by a double arrow. For example, the receiver may alter thefirst bad-modulation element successively to each state, while keepingthe other bad-modulation elements assigned to their closest states, andmay test each variation against the error-detection code. The receivermay perform a similar scan using the second bad-modulation element whilekeeping all the others at their closest state values, and may continuesuch a single-element variation until all of the bad-modulation elementshave been explored individually. Then, if no match has been found, thereceiver may vary two of the bad-modulation elements across all of thestates, testing each combination of two states at a time, and thenproceeding in a similar way through all pairs of bad-modulationelements. Then, if no match has been found, the receiver may vary thebad-modulation elements three-at-a-time, exhaustively covering thestates, and testing the error-detection code on each one. The receivermay continue this nested search until all combinations of bad-modulationelements and all states have been tested. If any one of those variationssatisfies the error-detection code, the message is demodulated and thetask is done at 417. If not, the flow proceeds to 407.

At 407, the receiver determines whether the message has anymarginal-modulation elements, and if so, it varies themarginal-modulation elements and the bad-modulation elements together ina nested search at 408, as indicated by a double arrow. (The asterisk isexplained later.) For example, the receiver can vary the bad andmarginal-modulation elements in an exhaustive grid search covering allcombinations of the states for each message element, and may test theerror-detection code for each variation at 409. (The good-modulationmessage elements are generally left at their original nearest-statevalues.) If any of those variations agrees with the error-detectioncode, the task is done. If not, or if there are no marginal-modulationelements, the receiver may request and receive a second copy of themessage at 410, and may merge the first and second copies by selectingthe best quality modulation states for each element at 411, and may testthat merged version against the error-detection code at 412, asdescribed in more detail below.

Then, at 413, the receiver may determine whether the merged messagestill includes any bad-modulation or marginal-modulation elements. Ifthe merged message includes only good-modulation elements, yet stillfails the EDC test, then the receiver may abandon the message at 416 andoptionally file a fault report. However, if the merged message has oneor more bad-modulation or marginal-modulation elements at 414, thereceiver may vary those in another nested search as described. If one ofthose variations agrees with the error-detection code at 415, the taskis done. If not, the receiver may abandon at 416.

In some embodiments, the retransmitted message message may have one ormore “paradoxical” message elements. A paradoxical message element ismodulated in the good-modulation zone of one state in the first message,and is modulated in the good-modulation zone of a different state in theretransmitted message. That is, the message element appears to becorrectly modulated in both message versions, but in different states.This can happen if the noise and interference have caused the distortedphase and amplitude of one or both of the versions to arrive, by chance,in another good-modulation zone. In that case, the receiver can flag allparadoxical message elements as suspicious, and can test both versionsalter their state assignments in the same way as the bad-modulationelements.

In some embodiments, the receiver may determine the modulation qualityas a calculated value, instead of the good-marginal-bad categories. Thereceiver can then vary the remaining suspicious elements according tothe modulation quality value, starting with the message element that hasthe lowest modulation quality. The receiver can then proceed to vary andtest the second-lowest modulation quality message element, and so forthuntil the error-detection code matches.

In some embodiments, the amount of time required to perform the searchesof 406 to 409 may exceed the amount of time to request and receive asecond copy of the message, in which case the receiver may request thesecond copy as soon as the initial version fails the error-detectioncode. This option, of jumping to 410 upon determining that the initialmessage fails the test and has too many suspicious elements for analteration scan, is indicated by a dashed arrow. For example, thereceiver may already know how much time would be required to test allcombinations of the suspicious message elements. The receiver may use analgorithm, for example, to determine the probable time involved, and ifthe probable time exceeds the normal retransmission time, the receivercan request a retransmission. While waiting for a retransmission,however, the receiver may continue to test variations of the message, incase one of the variations succeeds before the retransmitted messagearrives.

In some embodiments, the variations of the marginal modulation messageelements at 408 may be done in two stages for improved efficiency, asindicated by an asterisk (*). Some types of noise and interference causeonly small changes in the phase and amplitude of message elements, andtherefore each message element with marginal modulation is often shiftedby just one amplitude or phase level due to noise. Therefore, whenaltering the state assignments of the marginal-mod elements, the correctstate is likely to be adjacent to the originally assigned state.Therefore, the receiver may alter each of the marginal-modulationmessage elements according to its eight adjacent states (or fiveadjacent states if the original state is already at the maximum orminimum amplitude) and may test those nearest-neighbor variations first,since they are the most likely candidates for repairing the message. Asmentioned, the alteration of the marginal-modulation elements may bedone in a nested grid search, to cover all of the possible alterationsof the suspicious message elements to their adjacent states. If none ofthose near-neighbor alterations passes the EDC test, then the receivermay then vary the message elements across the entire set of states ofthe modulation scheme (skipping the versions that have already beenchecked). The receiver may save time by testing the most likelycombinations first, based on the modulation quality for example.

The systems and methods disclosed herein further include directionalsectors around each valid modulation state. The following examples showhow a faulted message may be recovered using that direction information,according to some embodiments.

FIG. 5A is a schematic sketch showing an exemplary embodiment of amodulation table for 16QAM with directional deviation sectors, accordingto some embodiments. As depicted in this non-limiting example, amodulation table 500 with amplitude levels 501 and phase levels 502define states 505, which are surrounded by a good-modulation zone 506and a marginal-modulation zone 507 within white space bad-modulationarea 508. The marginal-modulation zones 507 are divided into multiplesectors, as explained in more detail in the next figure.

The sectors may assist the receiver in recovering a faulted message. Forexample, if a message fails the EDC test, the receiver may look for aparticular message element modulated in a marginal-modulation zone 507,such as the “x” 509. The “x” is initially assigned to the closest state,which is the state 511. Since the message with that assignment fails theerror-detection test, the receiver may attempt to correct the message byaltering the state that the “x” 509 is assigned to. Since the “x” 509 isin a sector directed toward a lower amplitude state with the same phase,which is state 512, the receiver may alter the assignment to thenext-lower amplitude state, as indicated by a dashed arrow 510, and maytest that message alteration against the EDC code. Since many messagefaults involve small changes in amplitude or phase, the receiver mayadvantageously alter the state assignment of marginal-modulationelements to an adjacent state in a direction indicated by the sectorthat the element occupies. If that alteration is successful, thereceiver has thereby rescued the message and saved substantial time. Ifit fails, the receiver can then try other nearby states, or can alter tothe remaining states of the modulation scheme. By starting with thelowest-cost and highest-probability alteration first, and thenproceeding to test successively higher-cost alterations with lowerprobability of success, the receiver may thereby minimize the time andcost involved in searching for the correct message, avoid retransmissiondelays, and enhance network reliability in the presence of noise andinterference.

In another embodiment, the receiver may select a message elementmodulated in the bad quality zone 508, determine a direction accordingto the difference between the message element's modulation and thenearest state of the modulation scheme, and then alter the messageelement's assignment to the adjacent state in the direction indicated byits modulation.

FIG. 5B is a schematic sketch showing an exemplary embodiment of asingle modulation state with directional deviation sectors, according tosome embodiments. As depicted in this non-limiting example, a modulationstate may include a state 513 which includes multiplexed modulation atan amplitude level 511 and a phase level 512. The good-modulation zone516 is surrounded by a marginal-modulation zone 515. Themarginal-modulation zone 515 is divided into eight sectors in this case,521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, and 528. The sectors 521-528 mayassist the receiver in determining how to modify and recover a faultedmessage. For example, if the message as-received fails theerror-detection code and one of the message elements is modulatedaccording to, say, sector 524, then the receiver may alter that messageelement to the adjacent state in a direction indicated by the occupiedsector, which in this case is the next-higher phase level, and test thatvariation.

In a similar way, a message that fails the error-detection code and hasa marginal-modulation element in sector 522 may alter that element tothe same phase and the next-higher amplitude state, and may then testthat variation. It may be noted that amplitude, unlike phase, does notalways have an adjacent state in a specified direction. If the currentmodulation state 513 is already at the highest amplitude level, then thereceiver cannot increase it further, and therefore may ignore the sectorinformation if it seems to point in the direction of even higheramplitude modulation. Likewise, if the marginal modulation element fallsin sector 527, the receiver may alter the message element to an adjacentstate with one level lower amplitude and one level lower in phase.However, if the state is already at the lowest amplitude level, then thereceiver cannot alter to the next-lower amplitude. As mentioned, phasedoes not have this limitation because phase is a circular parameter. Forexample, if the marginal-modulation element occupies sector 528 and theelement is already in the lowest phase level, then the receiver canalter the element to the highest phase level, since the lowest andhighest phase levels are separated by just one phase step.

The receiver may thereby use the sector information present in themarginal-modulation elements of a faulted message as a guide for varyingthe assignment of each message element's state of the modulation scheme.Such a guided alteration may be especially valuable in cases where thedistortions are small, since in that case the near neighbors are morelikely than the others to be the correct value for the faulted messageelement. If those initial small variations fail to agree with theerror-detection code, then larger variations may be tested beforeabandoning the message or requesting a retransmission.

FIG. 5C is a schematic sketch showing another exemplary embodiment of asingle modulation state with directional deviation sectors, according tosome embodiments. As depicted in this non-limiting example, a singlemodulation state of a modulation scheme is indicated as 535 at theintersection of an amplitude level 531 and a phase level 532, surroundedby a good-modulation zone 536 and a marginal-modulation zone 537 whichis divided into four sectors 541, 542, 543, 544. As in the previousexample, the receiver may receive a faulted message containing at leastone marginal-modulation element, and may attempt a recovery by alteringthe marginal-modulation element to an adjacent state in the direction ofthe sector that the message element occupies. By making the most likelyalterations first, the receiver may thereby find the correct messagequickly, saving time and reducing the calculation burden.

In another embodiment, instead of assigning message elements in themarginal zone to sectors, the receiver may determine a distance valueand a direction value according to the amplitude and phase modulation ofeach message element relative to the closest state. If the message failsto agree with the error-detection code, the receiver may select one ormore message elements having the largest distance value, and may alterthose message elements to the nearest neighbor according to thedirection value.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing an exemplary embodiment of a process fordetecting and correcting message errors according to directionaldeviation sectors, according to some embodiments. As depicted in thisnon-limiting example, a receiver may receive a message at 601,demodulate each message element using a previously determinedcalibration set including the amplitude and phase levels of themodulation scheme, and then at 602 compare the message to an embeddederror-detection code. If the message passes the EDC test, the task isdone at 610. If not, at 603 the receiver may assign each message elementto good, marginal, or bad-modulation zones according to how close themodulation of the message element is to the closest state of themodulation scheme. At 604, the receiver determines whether any of themessage elements occupies the bad-modulation zone, and if so, thereceiver may abandon the message at 609 and/or request a retransmission,in this example. If there are no bad-modulation elements, the receivermay determine at 605 whether there are some marginal-modulationelements, in which case the receiver may attempt to repair the messageusing the sector information. At 606, if not sooner, the receiver maydivide each marginal-modulation zone into sectors according to position,and at 607 may determine a direction based on which sector eachmarginal-modulation element occupies. The receiver may then alter eachmarginal-modulation message element to the adjacent modulation state inthe direction indicated by the occupied sector, and may test thatvariation against the error-detection code. If it passes at 608, thereceiver has succeeded in recovering a faulted message and is done. Ifnot, the receiver may request a retransmission and merge the messagewith the retransmitted copy, in some embodiments.

In another embodiment, upon receiving a corrupted message, the receivercan calculate a distance value and a direction value according to themodulation of each message element relative to the nearest state of themodulation scheme. To attempt to recover the corrupted message, thereceiver can select the message element with the largest distance value,and can alter that message element's state assignment to an adjacentstate according to the direction value, and test that altered versionagainst the error-detection code. The receiver can then alter othermessage element assignments according to their distance values, startingwith the largest distance values, and altering each of the messageelements to adjacent states according to the direction value. Thereceiver can perform a nested search among the message elements withdistance values exceeding a threshold, for example, testing each suchcombination. If not successful, the receiver can then alter the messageelement with the largest distance across all of the states of themodulation scheme, testing each. The receiver can then select furthermessage elements according to distance and vary each according to theirdirection values or alternatively across the entire modulation scheme,testing each combination. Thus the receiver can select which messageelements to alter, and in what order, based on their distance valuesinstead of the good-marginal-bad categories, and the receiver can altereach message element according to the direction value instead of thedeviation sectors. In addition, the receiver can calculate how long itwill take to perform the alterations, given the number and size of thedistance values of the message elements, and can determine whether theamount of time will likely exceed the time required for aretransmission, in which case the receiver may request theretransmission before or concurrently with performing the alterationsand tests just described.

In summary, upon receiving a corrupted message, the receiver candetermine a good-modulation zone around each state of the modulationscheme, and optionally a marginal-modulation zone around thegood-modulation zone, with bad-modulation outside those zones. Thereceiver can allocate each message element to good, marginal, orbad-modulation quality according to the difference between the amplitudemodulation of the message element and the closest amplitude level of themodulation scheme, and according to the difference between the phasemodulation of the message element and the closest phase level of themodulation scheme. The receiver can also determine a direction for eachmessage element according to the difference between the amplitudemodulation of the message element and the closest amplitude level of themodulation scheme, and according to the difference between the phasemodulation of the message element and the closest phase level of themodulation scheme. To attempt to recover the corrupted message, thereceiver can alter each of the bad or marginal-modulation elements tothe next adjacent state of the modulation scheme, in the directionassociated with that message element, and can then test the message withthat alteration. The receiver can first alter just one message elementat a time, and can then alter multiple message elements together in anested search. If altering the message elements to theirdirectionally-adjacent state fails to agree with the error-detectioncode, then, the receiver can alter the marginal-modulation elements toeach of the remaining adjacent states. This alteration can be done withone marginal-modulation element at first, and then in combination withother marginal-modulation message elements, while testing each suchmessage alteration. If still not successful, the receiver can then altereach marginal-modulation element across all of the non-adjacent states,singly at first, and then in combination, as in a nested search, testingeach alteration against the error-detection code. If none of thosealterations causes the message to agree with the error-detection code,the receiver can abandon the message or request a retransmission, insome embodiments.

The systems and methods disclosed herein further include procedures formerging a message with a retransmitted copy of the same message. If theretransmitted copy of the message agrees with the embeddederror-detection code, then the task is done. However, if both of themessage versions disagree with the error-detection code, then the twomessages can be merged by taking the message elements with the bestmodulation quality from each of the two versions. Even if both messageversions contain faults, it is likely that the faults will occur indifferent message elements in the two copies. It is also likely that thefaulted message elements will have lower-quality modulation (that is,larger displacement from the nearest state of the modulation scheme)than the correctly received message elements. Therefore, by taking thebetter-modulation-quality message elements from each of the twoversions, the merged message is likely to be fault-free, as demonstratedin the following examples.

The examples provided above disclosed methods for evaluating messageelements based on the modulation quality. But in real communications,many factors may affect the fault rate and the types of faults likely tooccur, and many other types of information may be gleaned from themessage elements. For example, the likelihood that a particular messageelement is at fault may be determined, in part, by the SNR of the signalreceived because interference or noise is likely to cause the receivedsignal to exhibit variations that can be measured by the receiver. Inaddition, interference from transmissions in other cells is oftentime-shifted due to differences in cell time-bases, signal propagationtime, etc. In that case, the effects of interference may show up in themodulated signal of each message element in various ways. Detection ofsuch time dispersion may further indicate which message elements arefaulted. In addition, if a message is transmitted with a phase-onlymodulation scheme such as QPSK, then a message symbol with an amplitudedifferent from the other message elements may be suspicious. Thereceiver may therefore calculate an overall quality factor for eachmessage element, the overall quality factor including some combinationof the modulation distance from the nearest state, the SNR, amplitudeanomalies, and other measures of message element quality, for example.

FIG. 7 is a schematic showing an exemplary embodiment of messages withinterference faults, according to some embodiments. As depicted in thisnon-limiting example, a message is shown on successive lines, theoriginal message labeled as “Transmitted”, and the same message as“Received” with specific faults, and a plot of the interference. A firstmessage 701 is transmitted as time-spanning, that is, occupyingsuccessive symbol times at a single frequency. Each message element ismodulated according to a hexadecimal character in 16QAM. The originalmessage is “123456789AB” as shown. The received message 702 includesthree message elements changed or faulted. The interference 703 is shownas a function of time, with jagged lines indicating when interference ispresent. The received message 702 indicates that the “3” in thetransmitted message 701 has been changed to a “D” in the receivedversion, and the “9” has been changed to a “0”, and the “A” has beenchanged to a “F”, due to the interference 703.

Also shown is a second message 704, this example beingfrequency-spanning, that is, occupying successive subcarriers at asingle symbol time. Again, three of the message elements have beenchanged by interference to different values by the frequency-dependentinterference 705 as indicated by jagged lines opposite to thesubcarriers affected by the interference. The interference 703 or 705caused an amplitude change or a phase change or both, resulting in theincorrect demodulation of the three message elements and hence acorrupted message. The task of the systems and methods disclosed hereinmay be to identify which message elements have been changed byinterference, and if possible to determine the original values of thechanged message elements.

FIG. 8 is a schematic showing an exemplary embodiment of a procedure formerging two messages, each containing multiple interference faults,according to some embodiments. As depicted in this non-limiting example,an original message is shown as-transmitted 801 and time-spanning. Themessage as-received 802 includes three incorrect characters due to noiseor interference. In addition, the receiver has determined the modulationquality of each message element by measuring the amplitude and phasedeviations from the nearest state of the modulation scheme. For example,the modulation quality may be inversely related to the distance from theobserved modulation to the amplitude and phase levels of the neareststate, so that larger differences are allocated as a lower modulationquality, for example. The faulted message elements are likely to havepoor modulation quality, because their modulation has been randomlydistorted by the interference. The line chart 803 labeled “Mod Quality1” shows the modulation quality versus time, determined by the receiverwhile the message elements are received. Most of the message elementshave high modulation quality, but the third, ninth, and tenth messageelements have low modulation quality due to the distortion effects ofinterference.

The receiver can determine that the received message 802 is corruptedusing an appended or embedded error-detection code (not shown), and hasrequested a retransmission of the same message 801. The second copy 804,labeled “Received-2”, also has errors. Specifically, the first and fifthmessage elements are now changed by the ongoing bursty interference. Theobserved modulation quality during the second reception 805 is shown,indicating poor modulation quality during those two altered messageelements.

To recover the original message, the receiver can merge the two messages802, 804. For each message element of the merged message, the receivercan compare the modulation quality of the corresponding message elementsof the first and second messages, and can select whichever version hasthe better modulation quality. Faulted message elements generally havelow modulation quality, as mentioned. The merged message 806 is shown as“Best Merged”, obtained by selecting each message element from the firstor second copy with higher modulation quality. In this case, and in mostcases of practical concern, the two message copies have faults indifferent message elements. Thus each of the faulted message elements inthe Received-1 message are unfaulted in the Received-2 message, and eachof the faulted message elements in the Received-2 message are unfaultedin the Received-1 message. For example, the receiver can select thefirst message element from Received-1 since it has a better modulationquality than the first message element in Received-2, and can select thethird message element in Received-2, the fifth in Received-1, and soforth, selecting the better-quality version for each message element inthe merged message. By preparing the merged message by selecting thebetter quality version for each message element, all of the faults havebeen removed in the merged message 806 as indicated by the “BestQuality” chart 807. Therefore the merged message 806 is correct andpasses the error-detection test.

Rarely, the first and second messages may have a fault in the samemessage element position, in which case the merged message will alsocontain that fault.

In that case, the receiver can try various procedures. For example, thereceiver can determine a direction based on the amplitude and phasemodulation of each marginal-modulation message element, the directionbeing relative to the closest state. The receiver may alter that messageelement in the direction indicated, and may thereby test the adjacentstate in the indicated direction. Such a test may mitigate smalldistortions in amplitude or phase, which generally shift a messageelement to an adjacent state. Such an adjacent-state test, altering theassigned state of certain message element in an indicated way, may bequicker than an exhaustive search. If that fails, the receiver can alterthe suspicious message elements to each of the other nearest-neighborstates and test each of those combinations against the error-detectioncode, which may mitigate larger distortions than the test based on theindicated direction. If that fails, the receiver may vary the suspiciousmessage element across all of the remaining states of the modulationscheme, testing each against the error-detection code. In these ways,the receiver may determine the correct value and mitigate the remainingfaults without requiring transmission of a completely error-freereceived version, and without having to request and wait for a thirdtransmission.

It may be noted that prior-art methods for merging messages, such as“soft combining”, generally do not measure or use the modulation qualityin determining the values of the merged message elements. Instead, theprior-art procedures generally involve averaging the raw amplitude andphase values of the received message elements. However, the statisticalimprovement in such blind averaging is at most √N, where N is the numberof copies being averaged, and this improvement is generally obtainedonly when the distortions are random and Gaussian distributed. Forcommon cases in which the distortions are caused by bursty andfrequency-rich interference, averaging additional copies can actuallyincrease the errors in the merged message by adding new distortions tothe message elements. The disclosed procedure avoids this problem byselecting the best modulation quality message elements from each of thereceived copies, without averaging. Since a correct message element ismore likely to have a high modulation quality, and a faulted messageelement is more likely to have a poor message quality, the improvementtends to be proportional to N, instead of √N. Embodiments of thedisclosed procedure, for exploiting the modulation quality to selectmessage elements for the merged message, can therefore provide asignificant reliability improvement in high-background environments orwhen reception is weak, such as when a user device is at long range froma base station, or when the transmitter is obscured by an obstruction,for example.

In some embodiments, the receiver may merge two versions of a message byselecting which version of each message element to insert into themerged message, the selecting being according to an algorithm. Forexample, the algorithm may take, as input, the SNR of the messageelement's signal, and the modulation quality as measured by theamplitude and phase deviations relative to the nearest state of themodulation scheme, and other measures of demodulation fidelity. Thealgorithm may provide, as output, an overall quality parameter, and thereceiver may select which of the message element versions to include inthe merged message according to that overall quality parameter. As afurther option, the receiver may monitor the amplitudes of the messageelements when the modulation scheme is phase-only, such as BPSK or QPSKwhich do not include amplitude modulation. If a message element has anamplitude that differs substantially from the other message elementamplitudes, the deviating message element may be suspect even if thephase is within the good-modulation zone of one of the states of themodulation scheme, since the amplitude variation may be an indication ofinterference. In addition, the algorithm may include, in its inputs, theamplitudes of the message elements (when the modulation is phase-only)and may calculate the overall quality of each message elementaccordingly.

FIG. 9 is a schematic showing an exemplary embodiment of a modulationtable with message faults, according to some embodiments. As depicted inthis non-limiting example, a portion of a modulation table is shown withamplitude levels 901 and phase levels 902, including states 905,good-modulation zones 906 in dark stipple, and marginal-modulation zones907 in light stipple. A message is received with a message elementindicated as the “X” 913 which is in the bad-modulation zone exterior toall of the marginal-modulation zones 907. The correct value for thatmessage element is a distant state marked 916, but there is no way forthe receiver to know that fact. Instead, the receiver has assigned themessage element 913 to the closest state, which is 914.

Due to the incorrect assignment of the message element, the receivedmessage failed the error-detection test. The receiver requests andobtains a retransmission. In the second copy, the message element ismodulated as the “Y” 915, which is in the good modulation zone of thecorrect state 916. Without determining the modulation quality, thereceiver has no way to know which of the versions, X or Y (913, 915) iscorrect, or if either is correct. Therefore, using soft-combining orother averaging-based procedure, the receiver may average the twoversions as indicated by dashed arrows 917, 918, thereby obtaining anaveraged message element “Z” 919. Since the averaged element 919 isclose to a state 920, the receiver may assign the message element tostate 920. However, this assignment is still incorrect, since thecorrect state is 916. Averaging a correct reception with an incorrectreception usually does not solve the problem. Using a signal averagingtechnique, absent the systems and methods disclosed herein, the receivermay require many additional retransmissions to finally determine thatthe correct state is 916, a substantially time-consuming process.

In contrast, the procedure disclosed herein, selecting the mergedmessage elements according to modulation quality, may avoid such delays.For example, the receiver may select which version of each messageelement to use in the merged message, according to modulation quality.In the depicted case, the receiver would select “Y” 915 in the mergedmessage because the “Y” is in the good-modulation zone of state 916, thecorrect value. Selecting between two message versions according to themodulation quality of each message element individually, may therebyresolve the faults in the merged copy.

A key difference between the disclosed method and prior art methods maybe that prior art methods generally discard valuable information,specifically the modulation quality, which the current procedureexploits to advantage.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing an exemplary embodiment of a process fordetecting and correcting message errors by merging two transmittedversions, according to some embodiments. As depicted in thisnon-limiting example, a receiver receives a message at 1001 anddemodulates it using a calibration set that includes the amplitude andphase levels of the modulation scheme. The receiver then, at 1002,compares the message to an embedded error-detection code and, if agreed,drops to 1016 and is done. If not, the receiver may assign, to eachmessage element, a modulation quality according to how close the messageelement amplitude and phase modulations are to the closest amplitude andphase levels in the calibration set. For example, the receiver mayassign good-modulation quality to message elements which are within apredetermined distance from the nearest state, and bad-modulationquality to those farther from the nearest state, at 1003.

At 1004, the receiver determines whether the message includes anybad-modulation message elements. If the message elements are allgood-modulation quality elements, yet the message is still corrupted asdetermined by the error-detection code, then the receiver has littlechoice but to request a retransmission at 1007. However, if at 1004 oneor more of the message elements has bad-modulation quality, then at 1005the receiver can alter each of the bad-modulation elements to thenext-closest state and test that altered version at 1006. (The“next-closest” state is the state that is closer than any of the otherstates, other than the closest state.) The receiver can test each of thebad-modulation elements individually or in combinations, as in a nestedgrid search, as indicated by the double-ended arrow. If any of thosecombinations agrees with the error-detection code, the task is done. Ifnot, the receiver requests a retransmission at 1007.

At 1008, the receiver demodulates the second copy of the message andtests it against the error-detection code at 1009. If in agreement, thetask is done. If not, the receiver can merge the first and second copiesby selecting whichever message element, of the first and second copy,has the better modulation quality at 1010. The receiver can then, at1011, test whether the merged message agrees with the error-detectioncode. Since the error-detection code is generally the same for the firstand second messages, either version of the error-detection code can beused. If, however, a fault occurs in the error-detection code of one ofthe versions, then the receiver can repair it by taking the bestmodulation quality version of each message element (including themessage elements of the error-detection code) in constructing the mergedmessage, and may use that repaired code for testing the merged message.

If at 1011 the message is still corrupted, the receiver can thendetermine whether the merged message has any bad-modulation elements at1012. If there are still some bad-modulation elements in the mergedmessage at 1012, and if the number of remaining bad-modulation elementsis less than a predetermined limit, the receiver can alter eachbad-modulation element to each of the states at 1013. The receiver canalter the remaining bad-modulation elements singly or in combination,and can test each variation against the error-detection code at 1014, asindicated by a double-ended arrow. In addition, the receiver candetermine whether there are any paradoxical message element, whichdiffer between the two message versions but is good-mod in bothversions. The receiver can re-allocate those message elements assuspicious for further alterations and testing. If one of thosevariations succeeds, the task is done at 1016. If not, or if there areno bad-modulation elements to vary at 1012, the receiver may abandon themessage at 1015 and file an error report.

In various embodiments, if all of the merged message elements are goodmodulation, yet the message still fails the error-detection test, thenthe receiver can either request a third copy, or begin varying thegood-modulation message elements at random, or abandon the message. Inmost cases it is not feasible to vary the good-modulation elementsacross all the states in a grand nested search, because (a) it wouldtake too long, and (b) one of those variations may accidentally agreewith the error-detection code. In addition, there is generally a limitto the number of retransmissions that a receiver can request. Therefore,in this case, the receiver files an error report, which may assist thenetwork in finding whatever caused the problem, and abandons the messageat 1015.

In some embodiments, the receiver may determine which message elementsto include in the merged message, and which message elements to alter,according to an overall quality factor, which may depend on themodulation quality of each message element, the SNR of each messageelement's signal, the amplitude variation of each message elementrelative to other message elements (for phase-only modulation), amongother factors. The receiver may use an algorithm to determine whichmessage elements to merge and/or alter. The algorithm may take, asinput, the modulation quality, the SNR, and optionally the amplitudevariation. The algorithm may provide, as output, the overall quality ofeach message element. The receiver may then use that output to selectmessage elements for a merged message and/or to select which messageelements to alter the state assignments of

FIG. 11 is a schematic showing an exemplary embodiment of a modulationtable and messages with message faults and directional information,according to some embodiments. As depicted in this non-limiting example,a receiver determines a direction in amplitude-phase space, according tothe modulation of a message element relative to the nearest state of themodulation scheme. Then, by combining the direction information from twocorrupted retransmissions, the receiver can determine the correct stateof the message element, in some embodiments.

The figure shows a portion of a modulation table with amplitude levels1101 and phase levels 1102 defining a number of states 1105 surroundedby good modulation zones 1106 in dark stipple, surrounded by marginalmodulation zones 1107 in light stipple and divided into sectors by linesas shown. The receiver receives a first message with a particularmessage element modulated as “X” 1112, which is assigned to state 1113since it is the closest one. However, due to interference, the messageelement has been distorted, and the assignment of state 1113 isincorrect. The correct value for that message element is an adjacentstate 1114. Therefore, with the faulted message element, the messagefails the error-detection test, and the receiver requests and receives aretransmission of the same message.

In the retransmitted copy of the message, the message element is nowmodulated as “Y” 1115 due to continuing interference, and is againassigned to the closest to the state, which is now state 1116. However,this is also incorrect. With that incorrect assignment, the messageagain fails the error-detection test. The receiver can then follow aprior-art procedure of averaging the two versions of the message. Asindicated by dashed arrows 1117, 1118, the averaged message element Z1122 would be assigned to its closest state, which is the state 1119.This is also incorrect. Alternatively, the receiver may use a differentprior-art protocol in which the assigned states 1113 and 1116 areaveraged instead of the raw modulation values, but that method againends up being assigned to 1119, and the message again fails theerror-detection test. Without further information, the receiver can theneither request a third transmission or abandon the message.

The disclosed methods may provide a better solution. For example, thereceiver may determine a direction from the modulation state of the X1112 relative to the closest state 1113, as indicated by a solid arrow1121. The receiver can also determine another direction 1123 accordingto the Y modulation 1115 relative to the closest state 1116. Followingthose directions 1121 and 1123, the receiver may thereby determine thatthe message element should be the state 1114, which in this case iscorrect. Hence by determining directions based on the modulation offaulted message elements, and determining where those directions lead,the receiver may correctly demodulate the message despite repeatedfaults in the same message elements, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart showing an exemplary embodiment of a process fordetecting and correcting message errors by merging copies usingdirectional information, according to some embodiments. As depicted inthis non-limiting example, at 1201 a receiver receives a message,demodulates it, and at 1202 tests the message against an error-detectioncode. If the message passes, the task is done at 1213. If not, thereceiver may request a retransmission at 1203, demodulate it, and testthe second copy at 1204. If the second copy also fails, the receivermay, at 1205, select each element which differs in the first and secondcopy and mark them as suspicious. Alternatively, the receiver may checkthe modulation states of the elements and determine that the messageelement has bad modulation quality in both of the message versions. Ineither case, at 1206, the receiver can analyze the amplitude and phasemodulations of each suspicious message element, relative to the neareststate of the modulation scheme, and thereby determine a direction inphase-amplitude space. At 1207, the receiver may determine whether thedirections, as determined for the first and second copies of eachsuspicious message element, point toward the same state. The receivermay alter the message element's assignment to that pointed-to state, andthen test that variation against the error-detection code. If there aremultiple suspicious elements in the merged message, the receiver mayvary each of the suspicious elements singly or in combinations, in anested grid search as indicated by the double-ended arrow, testing eachcombination. If all variations fail, at 1208, the receiver may then, at1209, request a third copy of the message. The receiver may test thethird received copy against the error-detection code and, if it failsagain, the receiver may then prepare a merged message at 1210 byselecting the “best” value of each message element from among the threeversions. For example, if two of the three copies are in agreement as towhich state a message element is closest to, then that message elementof the merged message may be assigned to the indicated state.Alternatively, the best value may be based on the modulation quality, inwhich the version with the highest modulation quality is selected forthe merged message. In addition, if two of the message elements indicatedirections according to their modulations, and the directions indicate aparticular state, the receiver may assign that state to the messageelement in the merged message, even if none of the copies actuallycontains that state. After preparing the merged message by thesestrategies, the receiver may test the merged message at 1211 and, ifsuccessful, is done at 1213, and if not, may abandon or request one moreretransmission (if not yet at the limit), or other failure modeprotocol, at 1212.

In some embodiments, the receiver may monitor the background noise orinterference level and determine that the backgrounds are higher thannormal. Then, before requesting a second or third or otherretransmission, may wait until the background has subsided, and then mayrequest the retransmission. The transmitting and receiving entities mayhave agreed to store transmitted messages until getting a positiveacknowledgement, for at least a certain storage time. Then, if thereceiver determines that the background has returned to normal, or ifthe storage time is about to expire, can request the retransmission atthat time.

In summary, a receiver can test a received message against an embeddederror-detection code, determine that the message is corrupted, requestand receive a second copy of the message, and determine that the secondcopy is also corrupted. The receiver can allocate each message elementof the first and second messages to categories such as good, marginal,or bad modulation quality according to the difference between theamplitude and phase modulation of the message element, and the closestamplitude and phase levels of the modulation scheme, or a mathematicalfunction of those differences. The receiver can then prepare eachmessage element of a merged message by selecting whichever of thecorresponding elements in the first and second messages, has the bestmodulation quality. Since a faulted message element generally exhibitslower quality modulation than correctly transmitted message elements,the merged message is expected to contain fewer (usually zero) remainingfaults. In addition, the receiver can determine a direction associatedwith each message element of the messages, according to the modulationof the message element relative to the nearest state of the modulationscheme, and can correlate the directions of a particular message elementin the two messages to identify the correct modulation state of themessage element, in some embodiments.

Systems and methods disclosed herein are aimed at improving the errordetection capability of receivers in 5G and 6G communications, andrecovering faulted messages without a massive search. The receiver mayallocate each message element to a good, marginal, or bad-modulationquality based on how far the element's modulation differs from theclosest amplitude and phase levels of the modulation state. The receivermay attempt to recover a faulted message by altering the assigned stateof a message element that exhibits marginal or bad-modulation quality.The receiver may initially alter the suspicious message elements totheir immediately adjacent states, and thereby test the most likelyeffects of low-level noise and interference. In addition, the receivermay determine a direction according to each message element'smodulation, and may vary each modulation element according to thedirection indicated. In most cases, it is much quicker to resolve thefaults by varying just the message elements with the lowest modulationquality, because these are the most likely to be the faulted elements.The systems and methods may enable recovery of messages that wouldotherwise be discarded or retransmitted, thereby reducing delays,substantially improving reliability under adverse noise or interferenceconditions, and avoiding unnecessary requests and retransmissions.Network efficiency may be improved thereby, and user satisfaction may beprovided, with little or no additional cost, according to someembodiments.

The wireless embodiments of this disclosure may be aptly suited forcloud backup protection, according to some embodiments. Furthermore, thecloud backup can be provided cyber-security, such as blockchain, to lockor protect data, thereby preventing malevolent actors from makingchanges. The cyber-security may thereby avoid changes that, in someapplications, could result in hazards including lethal hazards, such asin applications related to traffic safety, electric grid management, lawenforcement, or national security.

In some embodiments, non-transitory computer-readable media may includeinstructions that, when executed by a computing environment, cause amethod to be performed, the method according to the principles disclosedherein. In some embodiments, the instructions (such as software orfirmware) may be upgradable or updatable, to provide additionalcapabilities and/or to fix errors and/or to remove securityvulnerabilities, among many other reasons for updating software. In someembodiments, the updates may be provided monthly, quarterly, annually,every 2 or 3 or 4 years, or upon other interval, or at the convenienceof the owner, for example. In some embodiments, the updates (especiallyupdates providing added capabilities) may be provided on a fee basis.The intent of the updates may be to cause the updated software toperform better than previously, and to thereby provide additional usersatisfaction.

The systems and methods may be fully implemented in any number ofcomputing devices. Typically, instructions are laid out on computerreadable media, generally non-transitory, and these instructions aresufficient to allow a processor in the computing device to implement themethod of the invention. The computer readable marginal may be a harddrive or solid state storage having instructions that, when run, orsooner, are loaded into random access memory. Inputs to the application,e.g., from the plurality of users or from any one user, may be by anynumber of appropriate computer input devices. For example, users mayemploy vehicular controls, as well as a keyboard, mouse, touchscreen,joystick, trackpad, other pointing device, or any other such computerinput device to input data relevant to the calculations. Data may alsobe input by way of one or more sensors on the robot, an inserted memorychip, hard drive, flash drives, flash memory, optical media, magneticmedia, or any other type of file—storing marginal. The outputs may bedelivered to a user by way of signals transmitted to robot steering andthrottle controls, a video graphics card or integrated graphics chipsetcoupled to a display that maybe seen by a user. Given this teaching, anynumber of other tangible outputs will also be understood to becontemplated by the invention. For example, outputs may be stored on amemory chip, hard drive, flash drives, flash memory, optical media,magnetic media, or any other type of output. It should also be notedthat the invention may be implemented on any number of different typesof computing devices, e.g., embedded systems and processors, personalcomputers, laptop computers, notebook computers, net book computers,handheld computers, personal digital assistants, mobile phones, smartphones, tablet computers, and also on devices specifically designed forthese purpose. In one implementation, a user of a smart phone orWi-Fi-connected device downloads a copy of the application to theirdevice from a server using a wireless Internet connection. Anappropriate authentication procedure and secure transaction process mayprovide for payment to be made to the seller. The application maydownload over the mobile connection, or over the Wi-Fi or other wirelessnetwork connection. The application may then be run by the user. Such anetworked system may provide a suitable computing environment for animplementation in which a plurality of users provide separate inputs tothe system and method.

It is to be understood that the foregoing description is not adefinition of the invention but is a description of one or morepreferred exemplary embodiments of the invention. The invention is notlimited to the particular embodiments(s) disclosed herein, but rather isdefined solely by the claims below. Furthermore, the statementscontained in the foregoing description relate to particular embodimentsand are not to be construed as limitations on the scope of the inventionor on the definition of terms used in the claims, except where a term orphrase is expressly defined above. Various other embodiments and variouschanges and modifications to the disclosed embodiment(s) will becomeapparent to those skilled in the art. For example, the specificcombination and order of steps is just one possibility, as the presentmethod may include a combination of steps that has fewer, greater, ordifferent steps than that shown here. All such other embodiments,changes, and modifications are intended to come within the scope of theappended claims.

As used in this specification and claims, the terms “for example”,“e.g.”, “for instance”, “such as”, and “like” and the terms“comprising”, “having”, “including”, and their other verb forms, whenused in conjunction with a listing of one or more components or otheritems, are each to be construed as open-ended, meaning that the listingis not to be considered as excluding other additional components oritems. Other terms are to be construed using their broadest reasonablemeaning unless they are used in a context that requires a differentinterpretation.

1. A wireless receiver comprising non-transitory computer-readablemedia, the media comprising instructions that when executed by acomputing environment cause a method to be performed, the methodcomprising: a) receiving a first message comprising message elements,each message element modulated according to a modulation schemecomprising predetermined amplitude levels or predetermined phase levels;b) determining that the first message disagrees with a firsterror-detection code associated with the first message; c) receiving asecond message, and determining that the second message disagrees with asecond error-detection code associated with the second message; d)determining, for each message element of the first and second messages,a modulation quality comprising an amplitude difference comprising adifference between an amplitude value of the message element and one ofthe predetermined amplitude levels of the modulation scheme, or a phasedifference comprising a difference between a phase value of the messageelement and one of the predetermined phase levels of the modulationscheme; e) assembling a third message by selecting, for each messageelement of the third message, whichever of a pair of correspondingmessage elements of the first and second messages has the highermodulation quality; and f) determining whether the third message agreeswith the first or second error-detection code.
 2. The wireless receiverof claim 1, wherein the first and second messages are transmittedaccording to 5G or 6G technology.
 3. The wireless receiver of claim 1,the method further comprising: a) before receiving the first message,receiving a demodulation reference comprising reference elements, eachreference element modulated according to the modulation scheme; and b)measuring, for each reference element, at least one of the predeterminedamplitude levels or at least one of the predetermined phase levels. 4.The wireless receiver of claim 1, wherein the determining, for eachmessage element of the first and second messages, the modulationquality, further comprises: a) measuring a signal-to-noise ratio orsignal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (collectively, “SNR”) of eachmessage element of the first and second messages; and b) using a formulato combine the SNR with the amplitude difference or the phasedifference; c) such that a message element that has a lower SNR and alower amplitude difference or phase difference has a higher modulationquality, and another message element that has a higher SNR and a higheramplitude difference or phase difference has a lower modulation quality.5. The wireless receiver of claim 1, wherein the modulation quality isproportional to an inverse of a square root of a sum, the sum comprisingthe amplitude difference squared plus the phase difference squared. 6.The wireless receiver of claim 1, wherein the first error-detection codeis concatenated with or embedded in the first message, and the seconderror-detection code is concatenated with or embedded in the secondmessage.
 7. The wireless receiver of claim 1, the method furthercomprising determining that the third message correctly represents anoriginal, as-transmitted message when the third message agrees witheither the first or second error-detection code.
 8. The wirelessreceiver of claim 1, further comprising: a) if the third messagedisagrees with both the first and second error-detection codes,comparing each message element of the first message with a correspondingmessage element of the second message; b) determining, according to thecomparing, one or more inconsistent message elements, each inconsistentmessage element being demodulated differently in the first and secondmessages; c) sequentially assembling and testing a plurality of fourthmessage versions, each fourth message version including a differentcombination of the inconsistent message elements of the first and secondmessages; and d) determining whether each version of the fourth messageagrees with the first or second error-detection code.
 9. The wirelessreceiver of claim 1, further comprising: a) if the third messagedisagrees with both the first and second error-detections codes,selecting a worst message element of the third message, the worstmessage element having the lowest modulation quality of all the messageelements of the third message; b) sequentially replacing the worstmessage element with a substitute message element modulated according toeach of the predetermined amplitude or phase levels of the modulationscheme; and c) determining whether the third message, including theworst message element replaced by the substitute message element, agreeswith the first or second error-detection code.
 10. The wireless receiverof claim 1, further comprising: a) if the third message disagrees withboth the first and second error-detections codes, selecting a worstmessage element of the third message, the worst message element havingthe lowest modulation quality of all the message elements of the thirdmessage; b) determining whether the amplitude value of the worst messageelement is higher or lower in amplitude relative to the closestpredetermined amplitude level of the modulation scheme; c) if theamplitude value of the worst message element is higher in amplitude thanthe closest predetermined amplitude level of the modulation scheme,replacing the worst message element with another message element havingan amplitude equal to a predetermined amplitude level higher than theclosest predetermined amplitude level of the modulation scheme; d) ifthe amplitude value of the worst message element is lower in amplitudethan the closest predetermined amplitude level of the modulation scheme,replacing the worst message element with another message element havingan amplitude equal to a predetermined amplitude level lower than theclosest predetermined amplitude level of the modulation scheme; and e)determining whether the third message, with the worst message element soreplaced, agrees with the first or second error-detection code.
 11. Areceiver, in a base station or a user node of a wireless network, thereceiver configured to: a) receive a first message and a second message,the first message associated with a first error-detection code and thesecond message associated with a second error-detection code; b)determine a modulation quality of each message element of the first andsecond messages; c) prepare a merged message by selecting, for eachmessage element of the merged message, whichever of a pair ofcorresponding message elements of the first and second messages has ahigher modulation quality; and d) determine whether the merged messageis corrupted; e) wherein the determining whether the merged message iscorrupted comprises determining whether the merged message agrees witheither the first or second error-detection code; f) wherein determiningwhether a message agrees with an error-detection code comprisesdetermining whether the error-detection code equals a hash or messagedigest calculated from the message.
 12. The receiver of claim 11,wherein each message element of the first and second messages ismodulated according to a modulation scheme comprising at least oneamplitude level or at least one phase level, and wherein the modulationquality of each message element is related to at least one of: a) adifference between an amplitude value of the message element and anamplitude level of the modulation scheme; or difference between a phasevalue of the message element and a phase level of the modulation scheme.13. The receiver of claim 11, wherein the determining the modulationquality of a particular message element comprises: a) determining anamplitude value or a phase value of the particular message element; b)and either: i) determining an amplitude difference between the amplitudevalue of the particular message element and a predetermined amplitudelevel of a modulation scheme; or ii) determining a phase differencebetween the phase value of the particular message element and apredetermined phase level of the modulation scheme.
 14. The receiver ofclaim 11, wherein: a) the modulation quality of each message element isinversely related to a distance, the distance comprising a difference,in amplitude or phase or both, between a modulation of the messageelement and a predetermined modulation state of a modulation scheme; andb) the modulation quality is further inversely related to a SNR of themessage element.
 15. The receiver of claim 11, wherein: a) the first andsecond messages are modulated according to a modulation schemecomprising one or more amplitude levels and one or more phase levels;and b) the determine the modulation quality of a particular messageelement comprises combine, according to a mathematical formula, anamplitude modulation of the particular message element relative to oneof the amplitude levels of the modulation scheme, and a phase modulationof the particular message element relative to one of the phase levels ofthe modulation scheme.
 16. The receiver of claim 11, wherein: a) eachmessage element, of the first and second messages, is modulatedaccording to a modulation scheme comprising a plurality of predeterminedamplitude levels; b) each message element of the first and secondmessages comprises a first signal plus a second signal at 90 degreesphase relative to the first signal, each signal modulated according toone of the predetermined amplitude levels; and c) the determine themodulation quality of a particular message element comprises combine,according to a mathematical expression: i) a first difference comprisingan amplitude modulation of the first signal of the particular messageelement minus one of the predetermined amplitude levels of themodulation scheme; and ii) a second difference comprising an amplitudemodulation of the second signal of the particular message element minusone of the predetermined amplitude levels of the modulation scheme. 17.A method for a wireless device to identify message faults, the methodcomprising: a) receiving or determining a threshold; b) receiving amessage comprising message elements, each message element modulatedaccording to a modulation scheme, the modulation scheme comprising oneor more predetermined amplitude levels and one or more predeterminedphase levels; c) determining, for each message element: i) an amplitudedifference comprising a difference between an amplitude value of themessage element and a closest amplitude level of the modulation scheme;or ii) a phase difference comprising a difference between a phase valueof the message element and a closest phase level of the modulationscheme; d) determining, for each message element, a modulation qualityaccording to the amplitude difference or the phase difference or both;and e) determining, for each message element, that the message elementis faulted if the modulation quality is below the threshold, and thatthe message element is not faulted if the modulation quality is abovethe threshold.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein: a) the determining,for each message element, a modulation quality further comprisesmeasuring a signal-to-noise ratio of the message element; and b)mathematically combining the signal-to-noise ratio with the amplitudedifference or the phase difference or both.
 19. The method of claim 17,wherein: a) the modulation scheme is QPSK (quadrature phase-shiftkeying) comprising four predetermined phase levels and one predeterminedamplitude level; and b) the determining, for each message element, amodulation quality comprises calculating a magnitude or a square of aphase distance; c) wherein the phase distance comprises a differencebetween a phase value of the message element and a closest one of thepredetermined phase levels of the modulation scheme.
 20. The method ofclaim 17, wherein: a) the modulation scheme comprises a plurality ofpredetermined amplitude levels; b) each message element comprises anI-branch signal and a Q-branch signal at 90-degree phase relative to theI-branch signal; c) each of the I-branch and Q-branch signals isamplitude modulated according to one of the predetermined amplitudelevels of the modulation scheme; and d) the determining, for eachmessage element, a modulation quality comprises: i) calculating a firstamplitude difference between an amplitude value of the I-branch signalof the message element and a closest one of the predetermined amplitudelevels of the modulation scheme; ii) calculating a second amplitudedifference between an amplitude value of the Q-branch signal of themessage element and a closest one of the predetermined amplitude levelsof the modulation scheme; and iii) adding a square or a magnitude of thefirst amplitude difference to a square or a magnitude of the secondamplitude difference.